Native American Candles: Exploring Techniques and Materials

The use of artificial light, in the form of candles, was not a common practice among Native American tribes until the arrival of Europeans. Prior to this, Native Americans relied on natural and simple methods to keep the darkness at bay. These methods included the use of torches crafted from a variety of materials found in their immediate surroundings.

Lighting Methods Before the Introduction of Candles

Before the introduction of candles, Native American tribes utilized campfires and torches. The campfire served multiple purposes, providing heat, cooking food, and basic light. However, torches were the primary portable light source, essential for nighttime activities such as hunting and fishing.

Torches and Their Materials

The construction of these torches varied widely among different tribes, utilizing materials readily available in their respective environments. Birch bark, pine river canes, and certain types of grass were common. Some tribes, like the Navajo, even used cacti. The key was to find materials that were flammable but did not burn excessively, so they would not scorch the hands of the user.

Additional Lighting Innovations

Other tribes, such as the Navajo, used fish with high oil content, which could be fashioned into a longer-lasting torch. In certain cases, birds were also utilized, with the incorporation of a wick placed in their mouths. These custom torches could be kept lit for extended periods, providing an additional source of light.

Several examples of pine torches are depicted in historical Mexican codices, including the Primeros Memoriales folio 252v, L, Telleriano-Remensis folio 29r centre, and Vaticanus A folio 84v R. These images provide insights into the methods and materials used by Native American tribes to create their torches.

The Evolution of Lighting Practices

The use of artificial light as we know it today was limited among Native American tribes by their simple needs and habits. In most cases, the campfire was the primary source of light. However, on special occasions, large bonfires were built for ceremonies and nocturnal events.

Temporary Light Solutions

For a more portable and makeshift light, tribes would take a brand from the campfire and use it as a torch. When a more continuous light was needed, the fire was fed with small pieces of wood arranged in a circular formation, allowing a steady and controlled burn. A gap was left in the circle, and among the Cherokee, this method was commonly used. In other regions, like British Columbia, a small amount of oil was added to the coals to achieve a more lasting flame.

Understanding the Term "Native"

Researching the term "Native" is crucial to fully comprehension of the contexts in which it is used. In anthropological and historical texts, the term "Native" generally refers to indigenous inhabitants of a region before the arrival of settlers, explorers, or colonizers. It often denotes individuals with deep historical and cultural connections to the land and its natural resources.

Understanding the cultural and historical significance of the term "Native" helps in appreciating the diversity and complexity of Native American cultures and their traditional practices.